A universal plug protocol has been accepted by the big auto makers

In an effort to streamline the process of charging electric vehicles, seven major automakers - Audi, BMW, Daimler, Ford, GM, Porsche and Volkswagen - have agreed to a single rapid charging system.

At an announcement made at the Society of German Engineers’ 15th International Electronic Systems for Motor Vehicles Conference yesterday, the car companies signed the Combined Charging System — which will give all upcoming EVs the same charging interface. The interface will be capable of one-phase AC charging, rapid three-phase AC charging, at-home DC charging or ultra-fast DC charging at public charging stations. This essentially means that there won’t be a separate wire for rapid charging, or home/wall outlets.

The automakers also agreed to use HomePlug Green Phy as the communication protocol. This method will facilitate the integration of electric cars into smart grid applications.

According to Green Car Congress, “The harmonized electric vehicle charging solution is backward compatible with the J1772 connector standard in the US. Backward compatibility also has been achieved in Europe where the system is based on the IEC 62196 Type 2. The approval of the J1772 standard has given electric vehicle owners the comfort of knowing they can charge at all Level 2 charging stations. Prior to standardization an EV owner had no way of knowing if the charge port they were pulling up to was compatible with their vehicle.”

In the end, the universal plug will help both owners and manufacturers by lowering costs and accelerate the rate of charger installation — making the car more accessible for everyone.

Where does wind come from?

Where does it come from?

The Sun provides 175 million million watts of energy to the Earth’s atmosphere each hour. Of this, approximately 1-2% is converted to wind energy.

As the energy heats the earth’s surface, air rises. This rising air creates low pressure and draws in cooler air, creating circulation patterns – air naturally flows from high pressure to low pressure and this movement is what we call “the wind”.

The highest temperatures are experienced at the equator where much more energy from the sun is received than in the polar regions. Earth then acts as a huge heat transfer mechanism as the hotter air moves from the equator to the polar areas and the cooler area towards the equator.

The movement of air from the equator to the polar regions is not directly north – south. Other forces, predominantly the Coriolis effect have their part to play. The Coriolis effect is caused by the rotation of the earth and results in any moving body above or on the earth’s surface to move to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. This effect is caused by the faster rotation eastward near the equator (compared with the poles).

These movements or air or circulation patterns fall into three key areas, the Polar, Ferrel and Hadley Cells as shown in the diagram below.


At the local level we also experience different levels of wind energy. Areas of higher land are windier due to the movement of wind being faster over higher topography. Similarly coastal areas are windier, due to the temperature differences between the landmass and the sea causing a greater movement of air.

Humans and wind- history

Human-kind has been utilising wind energy since early recorded history. Egyptian sailing vessels, transporting construction materials such as huge stones were powered by the wind from around 2500 BC.

In the UK, mills used wind power for grinding wheat to make flour from around the year 1200. Windmills started to appear throughout the UK with the most in the East and South East of England.

The first use of a large wind turbine to generate electricity was in Cleveland Ohio 1888. The further development of wind turbines in Europe and the US progressed from the 1940’s motivated by rising fossil fuel costs. Design inspiration for new technology blades was taken from airplane propellers and monoplane wings.

Today, significant industries based in Denmark, Germany and the US supply over 80% of the world’s turbines.